![]() ![]() His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today. In the early 1970s, Leonard Kleinrock carried out mathematical work to model the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the development of the ARPANET. In 1969, the first four nodes of the ARPANET were connected using 50 kbit/s circuits between the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah.In 1965, Western Electric introduced the first widely used telephone switch that implemented computer control in the switching fabric.The NPL network, a local area network at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) used a line speed of 768 kbit/s and later high-speed T1 links (1.544 Mbit/s line rate). Davies pioneered the implementation of the concept. Throughout the 1960s, Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently developed the concept of packet switching to transfer information between computers over a network.Licklider sent a memorandum to office colleagues discussing the concept of the " Intergalactic Computer Network", a computer network intended to allow general communications among computer users. In 1960, the commercial airline reservation system semi-automatic business research environment (SABRE) went online with two connected mainframes.Kitov's proposal was rejected, as later was the 1962 OGAS economy management network project. ![]() ![]() In 1959, Anatoly Kitov proposed to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organization of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centers.McCarthy was instrumental in the creation of three of the earliest time-sharing systems (the Compatible Time-Sharing System in 1961, the BBN Time-Sharing System in 1962, and the Dartmouth Time Sharing System in 1963). Licklider at the inaugural UNESCO Information Processing Conference in Paris that year. In 1959, Christopher Strachey filed a patent application for time-sharing and John McCarthy initiated the first project to implement time-sharing of user programs at MIT.The modem allowed digital data to be transmitted over regular unconditioned telephone lines at a speed of 110 bits per second (bit/s). ![]() It was the first commercial modem for computers, released by AT&T Corporation in 1958. military Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) radar system using the Bell 101 modem.
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